天博《科学》（20231013出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网
来源：天博企业
发表时间:
2024-04-15
编译 | 冯维维
Science, Volume 382, Issue 6667, October 2023
《科学》第382卷，6667期，2023年10月
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化学Chemistry
Atomic faulting induced exceptional cryogenic strain hardening in gradient cell–structured alloy
原子断裂诱发梯度胞状布局合金异样低温应变软化
▲ 作者：QINGSONG PAN, MUXIN YANG, RUI FENG, ANDREW CHIHPIN CHUAN, KE AN, PETER K. LIAW, XIAOLEI WU, NAIRONG TAO, AND LEI LU
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adj3974
▲ 择要：
粗晶质料体现出最高的应变软化以及最好的拉伸延展性，被广泛接管。研究者经由过程试验报导，于77开尔文的变形阶段，具备梯度位错细胞的不变单相合金的应变软化率以至跨越了粗晶合金。
与传统的理解相反，这类非凡的应变软化源在一种怪异的动态布局细化机制，这类机制是由年夜量多向微小聚集断层(平面缺陷)的发射以及运动促成的，这与传统的线性位错介导的变形从底子上差别。
原子标准的平面变形断裂于塑性变形中的主导职位地方为金属质料的强化以及软化提供了一种差别的要领，提供了有出路的机能以及潜于的运用。
▲ Abstract
Coarse-grained materials are widely accepted to display the highest strain hardening and the best tensile ductility. We experimentally report an attractive strain hardening rate throughout the deformation stage at 77 kelvin in a stable single-phase alloy with gradient dislocation cells that even surpasses its coarse-grained counterparts. Contrary to conventional understanding, the exceptional strain hardening arises from a distinctive dynamic structural refinement mechanism facilitated by the emission and motion of mas�첩sive multiorientational tiny stacking faults (planar defects), which are fundamentally distinct from the traditional linear dislocation–mediated deformation. The dominance of atomic-scale planar deformation faulting in plastic deformation introduces a different approach for strengthening and hardening metallic materials, offering promising properties and potential applications.
Exploiting the Marcus inverted region for first-row transition metal–based photoredox catalysis
哄骗过渡金属基光氧化还原催化
▲ 作者：AMY Y. CHAN, ATANU GHOSH, JONATHAN T. YARRANTON, JACK TWILTON, JIAN JIN, DANIELA M. ARIAS-ROTONDO, HOLT A. SAKAI, JAMES K. MCCUSKER, AND DAVID W. C. MACMILLAN
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adj0612
▲ 择要：
钌以及铱共同物是有益的可调光氧化还原催化剂，但这些贵金属的用度是其使用的一个错误谬误。更轻、更富厚的金属被以为是分歧适的，由于它们预期会从光引发态迅速弛豫。
研究者陈诉称，钴共同物与传统的联吡啶配体体现出使人惊奇的长引发态寿命，他们将其归因在马库斯倒转区域举动。
地球上富厚的金属于芳基酰胺与芳基硼酸的光氧化还原偶联中是有用的，而且更遍及地为这种催化剂的更年夜可连续性打开了年夜门。
▲ Abstract
Ruthenium and iridium complexes are advantageously tunable photoredox catalysts, but the expense of these precious metals is a drawback to their use. Lighter, more abundant metals have been considered unsuitable because of their anticipated rapid relaxation from photoexcited states. Chan et al. report that a cobalt complex with conventional bipyridyl ligands manifests a surprisingly long excited state lifetime, which they attribute to Marcus inverted region behavior (see the Perspective by Yaltseva and Wenger). The Earth-abundant metal is effective at photoredox coupling of aryl amides with aryl boronic acids and more generally opens the door to greater sustainability in this catalyst class.
Direct observation of chirality-induced spin selectivity in electron donor–acceptor molecules
电子供体-受体份子中手性引诱自旋选择性的间接不雅察
▲ 作者：HANNAH J. ECKVAHL, NIKOLAI A. TCYRULNIKOV, ALESSANDRO CHIESA, JILLIAN M. BRADLEY, RYAN M. YOUNG, STEFANO CARRETTA, MATTHEW D. KRZYANIAK, AND MICHAEL R. WASIELEWSKI
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adj5328
▲ 择要：
手性引诱的自旋选择性自觉现以来，于已往的二十年里举行了深切的研究。从素质上讲，这类征象体现为手性份子的电子自旋极化，只管迄今为止的不雅察仅限在吸附于固体基质上的样品。
研究者报导了于自由浮动的份子中，经由过程手性桥，供体以及受体片断之间的份子内电子转移历程中显著的手性引诱自旋选择性特性。这些体系的切确可调性以及可追溯性应该可以或许与不停成长的理论模子举行体系比力。
▲ Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity has undergone intensive study in the two decades since its discovery. Essentially, the phenomenon manifests as polarization of electron spin by chiral molecules, although the observations thus far have pertained to samples adsorbed on a solid substrate. Eckvahl et al. report significant chirality-induced spin selectivity signatures during intramolecular electron transfer between donor and acceptor fragments across a chiral bridge in free-floating molecules . The precise tunability and tractability of these systems should enable systematic comparisons with evolving theoretical models.
Ice-confined synthesis of highly ionized 3D-quasilayered polyamide nanofiltration membranes
高电离三维准层聚酰胺纳滤膜的冰约束合成
▲ 作者：YANQIU ZHANG, HAO WANG, JING GUO, XIQUAN CHENG, GANG HAN, CHER HON LAU, HAIQING LIN, SHAOMIN LIU, JUN MA, AND LU SHAO
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi9531
▲ 择要：
现有的聚酰胺(PA)膜合成方案以节制散布为主的液相反映为根蒂根基，这些反映会孕育发生低在尺度的空间布局以及电离举动。
研究者报导了一种冰约束界面聚合计谋，可有用节制界面反映的动力学节制以及含单体的六方多型(Ih)冰相的热力学把持，从而合理地合成用在纳滤的三维准层状PA膜。
试验以及份子模仿证明了潜于的膜造成机制。该冰限PA纳滤膜具备高密度的电离布局以及非凡的传输通道，实现了优秀的透水性以及优秀的离子选择性。
▲ Abstract
Existing polyamide (PA) membrane synthesis protocols are underpinned by controlling diffusion-dominant liquid-phase reactions that yield subpar spatial architectures and ionization behavior. We report an ice-confined interfacial polymerization strategy to enable the effective kinetic control of the interfacial reaction and thermodynamic manipulation of the hexagonal polytype (Ih) ice phase containing monomers to rationally synthesize a three-dimensional quasilayered PA membrane for nanofiltration. Experiments and molecular simulations confirmed the underlying membrane formation mechanism. Our ice-confined PA nanofiltration membrane features high-density ionized structure and exceptional transport channels, realizing superior water permeance and excellent ion selectivity.
生态学Ecology
Boom-bust cycles in gray whales associated with dynamic and changing Arctic conditions
灰鲸的盛衰周期与北极前提的动态变迁有关
▲ 作者：JOSHUA D. STEWART, TREVOR W. JOYCE, JOHN W. DURBAN, DEBORAH FAUQUIER, HOLLY FEARNBACH9, JACQUELINE M. GREBMEIER, MORGAN LYNN, MANFREDI MANIZZA, etc.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi1847
▲ 择要：
天气变迁正于影响广泛的全世界体系，此中极地生态体系的变迁最为迅速。只管天气影响最间接地影响低养分程度以及短寿物种，但尚不清晰长命以及流植物种将怎样应答倏地的极地变暖，由于它们可能于顺应新前提的同时具备顺应生态粉碎的短时间威力。
研究发明，一个标记性的、高度挪动的极地相干物种的种群动态与北极猎物的可用性以及进入寻食区域的路子紧密亲密相干。
当低猎物生物量与高冰盖同时发生时，灰鲸履历了庞大的灭亡事务，每一次城市使种群削减15%到25%。这注解，跟着北极变暖，纵然是挪动的、长命的物种也对于动态以及不停变迁的情况很敏感。
▲ Abstract
Climate change is affecting a wide range of global systems, with polar ecosystems experiencing the most rapid change. Although climate impacts affect lower-trophic-level and short-lived species most directly, it is less clear how long-lived and mobile species will respond to rapid polar warming because they may have the short-term ability to acco妹妹odate ecological disruptions while adapting to new conditions. We found that the population dynamics of an iconic and highly mobile polar-associated species are tightly coupled to Arctic prey availability and access to feeding areas. When low prey biomass coincided with high ice cover, gray whales experienced major mortality events, each reducing the population by 15 to 25%. This suggests that even mobile, long-lived species are sensitive to dynamic and changing conditions as the Arctic warms.
生命科学Life Science
Direct observation of glycans bonded to proteins and lipids at the single-molecule level
于单份子程度上间接不雅察与卵白质以及脂质联合的聚糖
▲ 作者：KELVIN ANGGARA, LAURA SR?AN, THAPAKORN JAROENTOMEECHAI, XU WU, STEPHAN RAUSCHENBACH, YOSHIKI NARIMATSU, HENRIK CLAUSEN, THOMAS ZIEGLER, REBECCA L. MILLER, AND KLAUS KERN
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh3856
▲ 择要：
很多卵白质，出格是那些由真核细胞排泄的卵白质，有糖链附着，以促成品质节制或者介导卵白质—卵白质或者细胞—细胞彼此作用。
这些糖凡是是繁杂以及异质的，用传统的布局或者生物物理要领来研究是具备应战性的。研究注解，可使用单份子原子力显微镜间接对于附着于肽以及脂质的聚糖举行成像。
这些生物份子可以经由过程暖和的电喷雾沉积运用到外貌上，假如须要的话，可以经由过程把持来拉伸布局区域。作者不雅察到差别的聚糖布局以及成像的年夜片断卵白质，包孕密集糖基化粘卵白。
▲ Abstract
Many proteins, especially those that are secreted from eukaryotic cells, have sugar chains attached to facilitate quality control or mediate protein-protein or cell-cell interactions. These sugars are often complex and heterogeneous and can be challenging to study by conventional structural or biophysical methods. Anggara et al. show that glycans attached to peptides and lipids can be imaged directly using single-molecule atomic force microscopy. These biomolecules can be applied to a surface by a gentle electrospray deposition and, if necessary, manipulated to stretch out structured regions. The authors observed distinct glycan configurations and imaged large fragments of proteins, including a densely glycosylated mucin.
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