天博《科学》（20231006出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网
来源：天博企业
发表时间:
2024-05-07
Science,6 OCT 2023, VOL 382, ISSUE 6666
《科学》2023年10月6日，第382卷，6666期
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物理学APhysics
An atomic-scale multi-qubit platform
原子级大批子比特平台
▲ 作者：Yu Wang, Yi Chen, Hong T. Bui, Christoph Wolf, Masahiro Haze, Cristina Mier, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.ade5050
▲ �첩择要：
固体中的单个电子自旋是量子科学以及技能很有出路的候选者，持久以来人们始终于假想具备原子切确耦合的量子器件的自下而上拆卸。
研究组哄骗扫描地道显微镜实现了耦合电子自旋量子比特的原子—原子构建、相关操作以及读出。用相近单原子磁体的局部磁场梯度来增补每一个电子自旋，以实现对于地道结外“长途”量子比特的相关节制。
经由过程于地道结中使用传感度量子比特并实现脉冲双电子自旋共振来实现读出。倏地单、2、三量子比特运算患上以全电体式格局展示。该研究的埃级量子比特平台可经由过程于外貌上逐个原子地构建电子自旋阵列来实现量子功效。
▲ Abstract
Individual electron spins in solids are promising candidates for quantum science and technology, where bottom-up assembly of a quantum device with atomically precise couplings has long been envisioned. Here, we realized atom-by-atom construction, coherent operations, and readout of coupled electron-spin qubits using a scanning tunneling microscope. To enable the coherent control of “remote” qubits that are outside of the tunnel junction, we complemented each electron spin with a local magnetic field gradient from a nearby single-atom magnet. Readout was achieved by using a sensor qubit in the tunnel junction and implementing pulsed double electron spin resonance. Fast single-, two-, and three-qubit operations were thereby demonstrated in an all-electrical fashion. Our angstrom-scale qubit platform may enable quantum functionalities using electron spin arrays built atom by atom on a surface.
质料科学Materials Science
Transonic dislocation propagation in diamond
金刚石中的跨音速位错流传
▲ 作者：Kento Katagiri, Tatiana Pikuz, Lichao Fang, Bruno Albertazzi, Shunsuke Egashira, Yuichi Inubushi, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh5563
▲ 择要：
线缺陷（位错）的运动已经研究了60多年，但位错挪动的最年夜速率还没有解决。近来的模子以及原子模仿猜测于跨音速以及亚音速规模内（位错自能发散）存于位错运动的极限速率，只管这些模子不否定跨音速位错的可能性。
研究组使用飞秒X射线摄像来跟踪打击压缩单晶金刚石中的超快位错运动，经由过程不雅察扩大速率快在金刚石最慢声波速率的堆垛层错，展示了部门位错于其前缘跨音速运动的证据。
相识晶体中位错迁徙率的上限对于在正确建模、猜测以及节制极度前提下质料的力学机能至关主要。
▲ Abstract
The motion of line defects (dislocations) has been studied for more than 60 years, but the maximum speed at which they can move is unresolved. Recent models and atomistic simulations predict the existence of a limiting velocity of dislocation motion between the transonic and subsonic ranges at which the self-energy of dislocation diverges, though they do not deny the possibility of the transonic dislocations. We used femtosecond x-ray radiography to track ultrafast dislocation motion in shock-compressed single-crystal diamond. By visualizing stacking faults extending faster than the slowest sound wave speed of diamond, we show the evidence of partial dislocations at their leading edge moving transonically. Understanding the upper limit of dislocation mobility in crystals is essential to accurately model, predict, and control the mechanical properties of materials under extreme conditions.
A quantum ruler for orbital magnetism in moiré quantum matter莫尔量子物资中轨道磁性的量子标尺
▲ 作者：M. R. Slot, Y. Maximenko, P. M. Haney, S. Kim, D. T. Walkup, E. Strelcov, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adf2040
▲ 择要：
近一个世纪以来，磁振荡始终是丈量费米面拓扑布局的强盛“量子标尺”。
研究组使用朗道能级光谱展现了能量分辩谷对于比轨道磁性以及年夜轨道磁化率，这有助在转角双层—双层石墨烯的朗道能级能量。这些轨道磁力效应致使了与尺度昂萨格瓜葛的本色性误差，体现为朗道能级轨道的标度分化。
这些本色性的磁相应来自在电子布局的非普通量子几何以及莫尔晶格势的年夜长度标准。经由过程扫描地道显微镜举行的朗道能级光谱学逾越了传统的丈量，提供了一个完备的量子标尺，解决了莫尔量子物资中轨道磁性子的万能量依靠性。
▲ Abstract
For almost a century, magnetic oscillations have been a powerful “quantum ruler” for measuring Fermi surface topology. In this study, we used Landau-level spectroscopy to unravel the energy-resolved valley-contrasting orbital magnetism and large orbital magnetic susceptibility that contribute to the energies of Landau levels of twisted double-bilayer graphene. These orbital magnetism effects led to substantial deviations from the standard Onsager relation, which manifested as a breakdown in scaling of Landau-level orbits. These substantial magnetic responses emerged from the nontrivial quantum geometry of the electronic structure and the large length scale of the moiré lattice potential. Going beyond traditional measurements, Landau-level spectroscopy performed with a scanning tunneling microscope offers a complete quantum ruler that resolves the full energy dependence of orbital magnetic properties in moiré quantum matter.
化学Chemistry
The oscillating Fischer-Tropsch reaction
振荡费托反映
▲ 作者：Rui Zhang, Yong Wang, Pierre Gaspard Norbert Kruse
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh8463
▲ 择要：
人们对于钴基催化剂（费托合成）于年夜气压下催化一氧化碳（CO）加氢历程中造成高级烃的机制步调仍知之甚少。
研究组展现了于220℃以及反映物分压相等的前提下，钴与铈原子比为2:1 （Co2Ce1）的钴/铈氧化物催化剂于较永劫间（ 24小时）内自我维持的非等温速度以及选择性振荡。
微不雅动力学机制经由过程强迫温度振荡孕育发生速度以及选择性振荡。于更年夜的反映物压力比规模内，试验振荡以及理论振荡很是一致。此外，烃类出产的相图患上以构建，撑持该研究中速度以及选择性振荡的热力学发源。
▲ Abstract
The mechanistic steps that underlie the formation of higher hydrocarbons in catalytic carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure over cobalt-based catalysts (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) have remained poorly understood. We reveal nonisothermal rate-and-selectivity oscillations that are self-sustained over extended periods of time ( 24 hours) for a cobalt/cerium oxide catalyst with an atomic ratio of cobalt to cerium of 2:1 (Co2Ce1) at 220°C and equal partial pressures of the reactants. A microkinetic mechanism was used to generate rate-and-selectivity oscillations through forced temperature oscillations. Experimental and theoretical oscillations were in good agreement over an extended range of reactant pressure ratios. Additionally, phase portraits for hydrocarbon production were constructed that support the thermokinetic origin of our rate-and-selectivity oscillations.
考古学Archaeology
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia
亚马逊地域至今仍隐蔽着一万多个前哥伦布期间的土方项目
▲ 作者：JVinicius Peripato, Carolina Levis, Guido A. Moreira, Dani Gamerman, Hans ter Steege, Nigel C. A. Pitman, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.ade2541
▲ 择要：
尽人皆知，土著社会已经经于亚马逊流域糊口了12000多年，但他们对于亚马逊丛林的影响水平仍不确定。
哄骗来自整个流域的激光雷达（光探测以及测距）信息，研究组报导了于丛林树冠下发明的24个此前未被发明的前哥伦布期间的土方项目。亚马逊地域年夜范围考古遗迹的漫衍以及品貌注解，仍有10272至23648个遗迹有待发明，此中年夜大都隐蔽于西南部。此外还确定了53种与土方项目发生几率显著相干的驯化树种，或者注解了已往土著社会的治理实践。
亚马逊地域的关闭树冠丛林可能包罗数千个未被发明的考古遗迹，前哥伦比亚社会于这些遗迹周围踊跃改造丛林，这一发明为更好地相识古代人类对于亚马逊地域的影响水平及其近况提供了时机。
▲ Abstract
Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.
Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands
自力春秋预计解决了白沙昔人类萍踪的争议
▲ 作者：Jeffrey S. Pigati, Kathleen B. Springer, Jeffrey S. Honke, David Wahl, Marie R. Champagne, Susan R. H. Zi妹妹erman, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh5007
▲ 择要：
据报导，美国新墨西哥州白沙国度公园的人类萍踪可追溯到23000到21000年前，这是按照水生动物螺川蔓藻种子的放射性碳定年法测出的。该春秋仍存于争议，由于潜于的旧碳储层效应可能会影响其正确性。
研究组提出了从与螺川蔓藻种子不异地层层位网络的陆生花粉新校准14C春秋，和来自人类萍踪序列内沉积物的光学引发发光春秋，来评估种子春秋的正确性。成果注解，最初为白沙昔人类萍踪成立的时序框架是靠得住的，并重申人类于末次盛冰期呈现于北美。
▲ Abstract
Human footprints at White Sands National Park, New Mexico, USA, reportedly date to between ~23,000 and 21,000 years ago according to radiocarbon dating of seeds from the aquatic plant Ruppia cirrhosa. These ages remain controversial because of potential old carbon reservoir effects that could compromise their accuracy. We present new calibrated 14C ages of terrestrial pollen collected from the same stratigraphic horizons as those of the Ruppia seeds, along with optically stimulated luminescence ages of sediments from within the human footprint–bearing sequence, to evaluate the veracity of the seed ages. The results show that the chronologic framework originally established for the White Sands footprints is robust and reaffirm that humans were present in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.
/天博
