天博《自然》（20231005出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网
来源：天博企业
发表时间:
2024-05-11
Nature, 5 October 2023, Volume 622 Issue 7981
《天然》2023年10月5日，第622卷，7981期
物理学Physics
Outflows from the youngest stars are mostly molecular
最年青恒星的流出物重要是份子
▲ 作者：T. P. Ray, M. J. McCaughrean, A. Caratti o Garatti, P. J. Kavanagh, K. Justtanont, E. F. van Dishoeck, M. Reitsma, H. Beuther, L. Francis, C. Gieser, P. Klaassen, G. Perotti, L. Tychoniec, M. van Gelder, L. Colina, Th. R. Greve, M. Güdel, Th. Henning, P. O. Lagage, G. stlin, B. Vandenbussche, C. Waelkens G. Wright
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06551-1
▲ 择要：
恒星以及行星的造成不只陪同着物资的堆集，即吸积，并且还陪同着物资以超音速射流的情势喷射，这类喷射可以延长几个秒差距。因为吸积以及喷流勾当是彼此联系关系的，并且年青的恒星于初期迅速得到了年夜部门品质，以是最强盛的喷流与最年青的原恒星有关。然而，这一期间与原恒星及其周围情况被隐蔽于很多星等于视觉上消散以后的时间相吻合。
毫米干预干与仪可以探测这一阶段，但只能探测温度最低的部门。并未提供关在喷流中最热（年夜在1000 K）身分的信息，即原子、电离以及高温份子气体，它们被以为组成了喷流的主干。探测如许的主干依靠在可穿透灰尘的红外线的不雅察。
研究者陈诉了詹姆斯 韦布太空千里镜对于赫比格—哈罗211的近红外不雅测成果，这是一颗近似太阳的天体的流出物，其时其春秋至多只要104岁摆布。这些不雅测成果展现了热份子的年夜量辐射，注释了近20年前斯皮策太空千里镜发明的“绿色恍惚”的发源。
与进化更多的同类比拟，这类流出物的流传速率较慢，使人惊奇的是，险些没有看到原子或者电离发射的陈迹，这注解其重要身分险些彻底是份子的。
▲ Abstract：
The formation of stars and planets is accompanied not only by the build-up of matter, namely accretion, but also by its expulsion in the form of highly supersonic jets that can stretch for several parsecs. As accretion and jet activity are correlated and because young stars acquire most of their mass rapidly early on, the most powerful jets are associated with the youngest protostars. This period, however, coincides with the time when the protostar and its surroundings are hidden behind many magnitudes of visual extinction. Millimetre interferometers can probe this stage but only for the coolest components. No information is provided on the hottest (greater than 1,000 K) constituents of the jet, that is, the atomic, ionized and high-temperature molecular gases that are thought to make up the jet’s backbone. Detecting such a spine relies on observing in the infrared that can penetrate through the shroud of dust. Here we report near-infrared observations of Herbig-Haro 211 from the James Webb Space Telescope, an outflow from an analogue of our Sun when it was, at most, a few times 104 years old. These observations reveal copious emission from hot molecules, explaining the origin of the ‘green fuzzies discovered nearly two decades ago by the Spitzer Space Telescope. This outflow is found to be propagating slowly in comparison to its more evolved counterparts and, surprisingly, almost no trace of atomic or ionized emission is seen, suggesting its spine is almost purely molecular.
化学Chemistry
Hydrogen-bond-acceptor ligands enable distal C(sp3)–H arylation of free alcohols
氢键受体配体使游离醇的远端基化成为可能
▲ 作者：Daniel A. Strassfeld, Chia-Yu Chen, Han Seul Park, D. Quang Phan Jin-Quan Yu
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06485-8
▲ 择要：
无机份子中碳氢键的功效化是化学合成最间接的要领之一。催化的最新进展使羧酸、酮以及胺等自然化学基团可以或许节制以及引导C(sp3) -H的活化。然而，作为无机化学中最多见的官能团之一的醇，因为其对于晚期过渡金属催化剂的亲以及力较低，仍旧难以处置惩罚。研究者描写了使δ-C(sp3) -H键的醇定向芳基化的配体。
他们哄骗电荷均衡以及二级配位球氢键彼此作用——由布局—活性瓜葛研究、计较模子以及晶体学数据证实——来不变l型羟基与钯的配位，从而促成要害C-H裂解过渡态的拆卸。于以前的C-H活化研究中，二级彼此作用被用来节制已经成立的反映活性配景下的选择性，与此相反，新研究证实了哄骗二级彼此作用经由过程加强底物—催化剂亲以及性来实现具备应战性的、之前未知的反映活性的可行性。
▲ Abstract：
The functionalization of C–H bonds in organic molecules is one of the most direct approaches for chemical synthesis. Recent advances in catalysis have allowed native chemical groups such as carboxylic acids, ketones and amines to control and direct C(sp3)–H activation. However, alcohols, among the most co妹妹on functionalities in organic chemistry, have remained intractable because of their low affinity for late transition-metal catalysts. Here we describe ligands that enable alcohol-directed arylation of δ-C(sp3)–H bonds. We use charge balance and a secondary-coordination-sphere hydrogen-bonding interaction—evidenced by structure–activity relationship studies, computational modelling and crystallographic data—to stabilize L-type hydroxyl coordination to palladium, thereby facilitating the assembly of the key C–H cleavage transition state. In contrast to previous studies in C–H activation, in which secondary interactions were used to control selectivity in the context of established reactivity, this report demonstrates the feasibility of using secondary interactions to enable challenging, previously unknown reactivity by enhancing substrate–catalyst affinity.
天气Climate
Global evidence of rapid urban growth in flood zones since 1985
1985年以来全世界洪水地域都会倏地增加的证据
▲ 作者：Jun Rentschler, Paolo Avner, Mattia Marconcini, Rui Su, Emanuele Strano, Michalis Vousdoukas Stéphane Hallegatte
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06468-9
▲ 择要：
愈来愈多的证据注解，天气变迁正于增长发生极度天然灾难的可能性。然而，将天气变迁作为一种外生气力，使灾难凌驾处所以及国度政府的影响规模，也被证实是权宜之计。本地决议的都会化以及空间成长模式是人们遭遇天气打击以及懦弱性的要害要素。
新研究哄骗高分辩率的年度数据注解，自1985年以来，世界各地的人类住区——从村子到特年夜都会——不停迅速地扩大到昨天的洪水区。
研究发明，于很多地域，最伤害洪涝地域的增加速率远远跨越非袒露区，出格是于东亚，高危害假寓点的扩张速率比洪水保险假寓点快60%。这些成果提供了体系的证据，证实列国面对洪水患害的水平存于差异。很多国度不只没有调解其危害敞口，反而继承踊跃扩展其对于日趋频仍的天气打击的敞口。
▲ Abstract：
Disaster losses are increasing and evidence is mounting that climate change is driving up the probability of extreme natural shocks. Yet it has also proved politically expedient to invoke climate change as an exogenous force that supposedly places disasters beyond the influence of local andnationalauthorities. However, locally determined patterns of urbanization and spatial development are key factors to the exposure and vulnerability of people to climatic shocks. Using high-resolution annual data, this study shows that, since 1985, human settlements around the world—from villages to megacities—have expanded continuously and rapidly into present-day flood zones. In many regions, growth in the most hazardous flood zones is outpacing growth in non-exposed zones by a large margin, particularly in East Asia, where high-hazard settlements have expanded 60% faster than flood-safe settlements. These results provide systematic evidence of a divergence in the exposure of countries to flood hazards. Instead of adapting their exposure, many countries continue to actively amplify their exposure to increasingly frequent climatic shocks.
Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium
已往一千年承平洋沃克环流的强制变迁
▲ 作者：Georgina Falster, Bronwen Konecky, Sloan Coats Samantha Stevenson
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06447-0
▲ 择要：
承平洋沃克环流（PWC）对于全世界气候以及天气有着伟大的影响。然而，它对于外部强制的反映尚不清晰，经验数据以及模式模仿每每差别在这些反映的巨细以及迹象。年夜大都天气模子猜测，PWC终极将因全世界变暖而削弱。然而，PWC从1992年到2011年有所增强，这注解报酬以及/或者火山气溶胶强制或者内部变率阐扬了主要作用。
研究者使用了一个新的年度分化、多要领、古代办署理衍生的PWC重修调集（1200-2000）来注解1992-2011年PWC强化是异样的，但于已往800年的配景下并不是前所未有。
研究者以为，1992-2011年PWC强化不太多是火山强制的成果，是以多是报酬气溶胶强制或者天然变率的成果。他们没有发明较着的工业时代（1850-2000）PWC趋向，与年夜大都天气模式模仿的PWC削弱造成对于比。然而，工业时代向低频变率的改变注解存于微妙的报酬影响。重修还注解，火山发作激发近似厄尔尼诺的PWC削弱，与天气模子模仿的反映近似。
▲ Abstract：
The Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) has an outsized influence on weather and climate worldwide. Yet the PWC response to external forcings is unclear, with empirical data and mode simulations often disagreeing on the magnitude and sign of these responses. Most climate models predict that the PWC will ultimately weaken in response to global warming. However, the PWC strengthened from 1992 to 2011, suggesting a significant role for anthropogenic and/or volcanic aerosol forcing, or internal variability. Here we use a new annually resolved, multi-method, palaeoproxy-derived PWC reconstruction ensemble (1200–2000) to show that the 1992–2011 PWC strengthening is anomalous but not unprecedented in the context of the past 800 years. The 1992–2011 PWC strengthening was unlikely to have been a consequence of volcanic forcing and may therefore have resulted from anthropogenic aerosol forcing or natural variability. We find no significant industrial-era (1850–2000) PWC trend, contrasting the PWC weakening simulated by most climate models. However, an industrial-era shift to lower-frequency variability suggests a subtle anthropogenic influence. The reconstruction also suggests that volcanic eruptions trigger El Nio-like PWC weakening, similar to the response simulated by climate models.
生态Ecology
Protected areas slow declines unevenly across the tetrapod tree of life
掩护区缓解四足植物数目的不匀称降落
▲ 作者：A. Justin Nowakowski, James I. Watling, Alexander Murray, Jessica L. Deichmann, Thomas S. Akre, Carlos L. Mu oz Brenes, Brian D. Todd, Louise McRae, Robin Freeman Luke O. Frishkoff
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06562-y
▲ 择要：
掩护区是缓解陆地生物多样性损失的重要计谋。只管扩展掩护区的笼罩规模是《生物多样性条约》的优先事变，但今朝尚不清晰掩护区是否减缓了整个四足植物生命树的降落，和地盘笼罩以及天气变迁于多年夜水平上转变了掩护区的有用性。
研究者阐发了全世界2239种陆生脊椎植物种群的品貌变迁率。平均而言，脊椎植物种群于掩护区内的降落速率(- 0.4% /年)比于缺少掩护的近似所在(- 1.8% /年)慢5倍。研究发明，掩护区的减缓效果于脊椎植物种别内部以及差别种别中都有所差别，此中两栖植物以及鸟类受益最年夜。
于地盘覆被转换的地域，掩护区对于两栖植物的效益较低，于天气迅速变暖的地域，掩护区对于爬虫类的效益较低。比拟之下，有用的国度管理不停加强了掩护区的减缓影响。这项研究为掩护区作为缓解四足植物阑珊的计谋的有用性提供了证据。
然而，优化不停增加的掩护区收集需要有针对于性地掩护敏感分支，并减轻掩护区界限以外的威逼。假如满意有针对于性的掩护、适量的管理以及精良治理的景不雅前提，掩护区可以于掩护四足植物生物多样性方面阐扬要害作用。
▲ Abstract：
Protected areas (PAs) are the primary strategy for slowing terrestrial biodiversity loss. Although expansion of PA coverage is prioritized under the Convention on Biological Diversity, it remains unknown whether PAs mitigate declines across the tetrapod tree of life and to what extent land cover and climate change modify PA effectiveness. Here we analysed rates of change in abundance of 2,239 terrestrial vertebrate populations across the globe. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within PAs (0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (1.8% per year). The mitigating effects of PAs varied both within and across vertebrate classes, with amphibians and birds experiencing the greatest benefits. The benefits of PAs were lower for amphibians in areas with converted land cover and lower for reptiles in areas with rapid climate warming. By contrast, the mitigating impacts of PAs were consistently augmented by effectivenationalgovernance. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of PAs as a strategy for slowing tetrapod declines. However, optimizing the growing PA network requires targeted protection of sensitive clades and mitigation of threats beyond PA boundaries. Provided the conditions of targeted protection, adequate governance and well-managed landscapes are met, PAs can serve a critical role in safeguarding tetrapod biodiversity.
昔人类学Paleo-anthropology
Evidence for the earliest structural use of wood at least 476,000 years a�첩go
昔人类约50万前或者已经最先使用木料
▲ 作者：L. Barham, G. A. T. Duller, I. Candy, C. Scott, C. R. Cartwright, J. R. Peterson, C. Kabukcu, M. S. Chapot, F. Melia, V. Rots, N. George, N. Taipale, P. Gethin P. Nkombwe
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06557-9
▲ 择要：
初期石器时代的木成品很少能留存下来，它们需要非凡的生存前提，是以，关在昔人类什么时候和怎样使用这类基来源根基料，所知有限。此刻，研究者陈诉了考古记载中最早的木料布局使用证据。
赞比亚Kalambo瀑布考古遗迹的水淹沉积物，经由过程发光可以追溯到至少47.6±2.3万年前，生存了两根互锁的原木，它们被一个存心切割的缺口横向毗连于一路。这类修建于非洲或者欧亚旧石器时代没有已经知的相似的地方。
今朝已经知最早的木制人工成品是一块抛光的木板碎片，来自以色列Gesher Benot Ya’aqov的阿舍利遗迹，距今已经有780多年。用在寻食以及打猎的木制东西呈现于400年前的欧洲、中国，另有非洲。
于Kalambo，研究者还发明了4件木制东西，包孕楔子、挖掘棒、切割原木以及缺口树枝。这些发明显示了一种意想不到的初期形态多样性，和将树干塑形成年夜型组合布局的威力。这些新数据不只扩展了非洲木匠的春秋规模，并且扩展了人们对于初期人类技能认知的理解。
▲ Abstract：
Wood artefacts rarely survive from the Early Stone Age since they require exceptional conditions for preservation; consequently, we have limited information about when and how hominins used this basic raw material1. We report here on the earliest evidence for structural use of wood in the archaeological record. Waterlogged deposits at the archaeological site of Kalambo Falls, Zambia, dated by luminescence to at least 476 ± 23 kyr ago (ka), preserved two interlocking logs joined transversely by an intentionally cut notch. This construction has no known parallels in the African or Eurasian Palaeolithic. The earliest known wood artefact is a fragment of polished plank from the Acheulean site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel, more than 780 ka. Wooden tools for foraging and hunting appear 400 ka in Europe, China and possibly Africa. At Kalambo we also recovered four wood tools from 390 ka to 324 ka, including a wedge, digging stick, cut log and notched branch. The finds show an unexpected early diversity of forms and the capacity to shape tree trunks into large combined structures. These new data not only extend the age range of woodworking in Africa but expand our understanding of the technical cognition of early hominins, forcing re-examination of the use of trees in the history of technology.
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