天博《科学》（20230929出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网
来源：天博企业
发表时间:
2024-05-30
Science, 29 SEP 2023, Volume 381 Issue 6665
《科学》2023年9月29日，第381卷，6665期
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化学Chemistry
Diverse functional polyethylenes by catalytic amination
经由过程催化胺化制患上多种功效聚乙烯
▲ 作者：NICODEMO R. CICCIA, JAKE X. SHI et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg6093
▲ 择要：
咱们展示了一种铜催化聚乙烯胺化反映，它可以造成含有一系列极性基团以及代替基的单功效以及双功效质料。
咱们设计的具备疏水基团的催化剂可以或许使线性以及支化聚乙烯的胺化，而不会发生链断裂或者交联，从而使聚乙烯具备本应该没法得到的官能团以及布局组合。
由此合成的质料具备可调的体积以及外貌机能，包孕韧性、对于金属的附出力、可涂性以及水溶性，这可以拓展功效性聚乙烯的运用，并削减对于繁杂复合质料的需求。
▲ Abstract：
We report a Cu-catalyzed amination of polyethylenes to form mono- and bifunctional materials containing a series of polar groups and substituents. Designed catalysts with hydrophobic moieties enable the amination of linear and branched polyethylenes without chain scission or cross-linking, leading to polyethylenes with otherwise inaccessible combinations of functional groups and architectures. The resulting materials possess tunable bulk and surface properties, including toughness, adhesion to metal, paintability, and water solubility, which could unlock applications for functional polyethylenes and reduce the need for complex composites.
Handling fluorinated gases as solid reagents using metal-organic frameworks
经由过程金属无机框架将氟化气体作为固体试剂处置惩罚
▲ 作者：KAITLYN T. KEASLER, MARY E. ZICK et �첩al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg8835
▲ 择要：
咱们陈诉了使用金属无机框架（MOFs）作为不变固体试剂处置惩罚氟化气体的计谋。气体-MOFs试剂凡是以克为单元制备，可以用在促成氟酰化以及氟烷基化反映。
于蜡内封装气体-MOFs试剂使患上其可以于事情台上不变存储，并于超声波后节制开释到溶液中，这是间接处置惩罚气体的更保险的替换方案。同时，咱们的处置惩罚要领使这些气体的高通量反映成长成为可能。
▲ Abstract：
We report a general strategy for handling fluorinated gases as benchtop-stable solid reagents using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Gas-MOF reagents are prepared on gram-scale and used to facilitate fluorovinylation and fluoroalkylation reactions. Encapsulation of gas-MOF reagents within wax enables stable storage on the benchtop and controlled release into solution upon sonication, which represents a safer alternative to handling the gas directly. Furthermore, our approach enables high-throughput reaction development with these gases.
动物学Botany
An evolutionary epigenetic clock in plants
动物的进化表不雅遗传时钟
▲ 作者：N. YAO, Z. ZHANG et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh9443
▲ 择要：
于此，咱们展示了动物基因组中胞嘧啶子集的随机DNA甲基化变迁显示出时钟样举动。这类“进化时钟”比基在DNA的时钟快几个数目级，可以于几年到几个世纪的规模内举行体系发育研究。
经由过程试验，咱们证实拟南芥以及年夜叶藻这两莳植物重要的生殖模式中，进化时钟归纳综合了已经知的种内体系发育树的拓扑布局以及分支时间。这一发明将为动物生物多样性的高分辩率时间研究斥地新可能性。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we demonstrate that stochastic DNA methylation changes at a subset of cytosines in plant genomes display a clocklike behavior. This “epimutation clock” is orders of magnitude faster than DNA-based clocks and enables phylogenetic explorations on a scale of years to centuries. We show experimentally that epimutation clocks recapitulate known topologies and branching times of intraspecies phylogenetic trees in the self-fertilizing plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the clonal seagrass Zostera marina, which represent two major modes of plant reproduction. This discovery will open new possibilities for high-resolution temporal studies of plant biodiversity.
植物学Zoology
Cycles of fusion and fission enabled rapid parallel adaptive radiations in African cichlids
交融以及裂变轮回使非洲慈鲷可以或许倏地并行顺应性辐射
▲ 作者：JOANA I. MEIER, MATTHEW D. MCGEE, DAVID A. MARQUES et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.ade2833
▲ 择要：
于非洲的维多利亚湖地域，每一个湖泊都有一种鱼系生物辐射，此中最年夜型的辐射发生于一个有余16000年的湖泊中。咱们发明该地所有的生态行会都是于原地进化的。
经由过程混淆的谱系交融以及经由过程物种造成的谱系裂变的轮回是辐射的汗青特性。当栖身于池沼的差别遁迹种群，于新造成的湖泊中相遇时，它们会交融成一个单一的种群，从头最先了旧种群的混淆变异。
每一个种群都提供了一组差别的陈旧等位基因，从这些等位基因中，新的顺应性辐射飞速交融，包孕分外的聚变-裂变轮回。咱们以为，于一个谱系的汗青中，反复的聚变-裂变轮回使顺应性辐射更快发生，同时变患上可猜测。
▲ Abstract：
In Africa’s Lake Victoria region, one cichlid lineage radiated in every lake, with the largest radiation taking place in a lake less than 16,000 years old. We show that all of its ecological guilds evolved in situ. Cycles of lineage fusion through admixture and lineage fission through speciation characterize the history of the radiation. It was jump-started when several swamp-dwelling refugial populations, each of which were of older hybrid descent, met in the newly forming lake, where they fused into a single population, resuspending old admixture variation. Each population contributed a different set of ancient alleles from which a new adaptive radiation assembled in record time, involving additional fusion-fission cycles. We argue that repeated fusion-fission cycles in the history of a lineage make adaptive radiation fast and predictable.
基因组学Genomics
Co妹妹unity-wide genome sequencing reveals 30 years of Darwin’s finch evolution
社区规模内的基因组测序展现了达尔文雀30年的进化过程
▲ 作者：ERIK D. ENBODY, ASHLEY T. SENDELL-PRICE, C. GRACE SPREHN et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adf6218
▲ 择要：
经由过程哄骗加拉帕戈斯群岛中达芙妮岛上3955只达尔文雀的全基因组数据，咱们确定了6个可以注释45%的高度遗传的勇地雀喙巨细变异年夜效应位点，这是一个要害的生态性状。
重要位点是一个由4个基因构成的超基因。基因座等位基因频次的突变陪同着干旱时期天然选择惹起的喙巨细的强烈变迁。因为与勇地雀的渐进杂交，于30年的时间里，神仙掌地雀逐渐发生了变迁。
▲ Abstract：
Using whole-genome data of 3955 of Darwin’s finches on the Galápagos Island of Daphne Major, we identified six loci of large effect that explain 45% of the variation in the highly heritable beak size of Geospiza fortis, a key ecological trait. The major locus is a supergene comprising four genes. Abrupt changes in allele frequencies at the loci accompanied a strong change in beak size caused by natural selection during a drought. A gradual change in Geospiza scandens occurred across 30 years as a result of introgressive hybridization with G. fortis.
Genomic signatures of disease resistance in endangered staghorn corals
濒危鹿角珊瑚抗病的基因组特性
▲ 作者：STEVEN V. VOLLMER, JASON D. SELWYN et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi3601
▲ 择要：
白带病（WBD）致使加勒比海鹿角珊瑚的数目年夜年夜削减，乃至其今朝被列为极端濒危物种。高度抗病的鹿角珊瑚基因型存于，但抗病的遗传根蒂根基尚不清晰。
经由过程试验将新基因组以及来自佛罗里达州及巴拿马的76种鹿角珊瑚基因型的全基因组重测序，咱们确定了与疾病抗性相干的10个基因组区域以及73个单核苷酸多态性，包孕触及珊瑚免疫以及病原体检测的4个基因的功效性卵白质编码变迁。
从10个基因组位点计较出的多基因患上分注解，遗传筛选可以于整个加勒比地域检测到野生及培育鹿角珊瑚群的抗疾病威力。
▲ Abstract：
White band disease (WBD) has caused unprecedented declines in the Caribbean Acropora corals, which are now listed as critically endangered species. Highly disease-resistant Acropora cervicornis genotypes exist, but the genetic underpinnings of disease resistance are not understood. Using transmission experiments, a newly assembled genome, and whole-genome resequencing of 76 A. cervicornis genotypes from Florida and Panama, we identified 10 genomic regions and 73 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with disease resistance and that include functional protein-coding changes in four genes involved in coral i妹妹unity and pathogen detection. Polygenic scores calculated from 10 genomic loci indicate that genetic screens can detect disease resistance in wild and nursery stocks of A. cervicornis across the Caribbean.
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