天博《科学》（20230922出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网 来源：天博企业 发表时间: 2024-07-06

天体化学Astrochemistry

Endogenous CO2 ice mixture on the surface of Europa and no detection of plume activity

木卫二外貌的内源性干冰混淆物

▲ 作者：G. L. VILLANUEVA L. ROTH, K. P. HAND, L. PAGANINI, J. STANSBERRY , AND G. LIUZZI

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg4270

▲ 择要：

木卫二于酷寒的地壳下有一个地下海洋。其海洋内部环境尚不清晰，也不清晰它是否与海面相连。研究者用詹姆斯 韦布太空千里镜不雅察木卫二，经由过程探测其外貌以及年夜气来寻觅活跃的物资开释。

对于羽流的搜刮没有检测到水、一氧化碳、甲醇、乙烷或者甲烷荧光辐射，但检测了干冰的四种光谱特性；它们的光谱外形以及于木卫二外貌的漫衍注解，二氧化碳与其他化合物混淆于一路，集中于塔拉地域。研究者以为不雅测成果注解碳来自木卫二内部。

▲ Abstract：

Jupiter s moon Europa has a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust. Conditions within the ocean are unknown, and it is unclear whether it is connected to the surface. We observed Europa with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for active release of material by probing its surface and atmosphere. A search for plumes yielded no detection of water, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethane, or methane fluorescence emissions. Four spectral features of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice were detected; their spectral shapes and distribution across Europa s surface indicate that the CO2 is mixed with ot�첩her compounds and concentrated in Tara Regio. We interpret these observations as indicating that carbon is sourced from within Europa.The distribution of CO2 on Europa indicates an internal source of carbon

二氧化碳于木卫二上的漫衍注解了碳的内部来历

▲ 作者：SAMANTHA K. TRUMBO AND MICHAEL E. BROWN

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg4155

▲ 择要：

木卫二地下海洋化学身分于很年夜水平上是未知的。之前于木卫二外貌检测到二氧化碳，但没法确定它是来自地下海洋化学，由撞击带来的，照旧由撞击带来的物资的辐射处置惩罚于外貌孕育发生的。

研究者哄骗詹姆斯 韦布太空千里镜得到的不雅测数据绘制了木卫二上二氧化碳的漫衍图。他们于塔拉地域发明了高浓度的二氧化碳，这是近来从头地表的地形。这注解二氧化碳来历在内部碳源。

研究者以为二氧化碳是于海洋内部造成的，只管不克不及解除二氧化碳是经由过程海洋无机物或者碳酸盐的辐射分化转化于海洋外貌造成的。

▲ Abstract：

Jupiter s moon Europa has a subsurface ocean, the chemistry of which is largely unknown. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has previously been detected on the surface of Europa, but it was not possible to determine whether it originated from subsurface ocean chemistry, was delivered by impacts, or was produced on the surface by radiation processing of impact-delivered material. We mapped the distribution of CO2 on Europa using observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We found a concentration of CO2 within Tara Regio, a recently resurfaced terrain. This indicates that the CO2 is derived from an internal carbon source. We propose that the CO2 formed in the internal ocean, although we cannot rule out formation on the surface through radiolytic conversion of ocean-derived organics or carbonates.

化学Chemistry

Solid-solvent processing of ultrathin, highly loaded mixed-matrix membrane for gas separation

固溶处置惩罚超薄、高负荷混淆基质膜用在气体分散

▲ 作者：GUINING CHEN, CAILING CHEN, YANAN GUO, ZHENYU CHU, YANG PAN, GUOZHEN LIU, GONGPING LIU , YU HAN, WANQIN JIN, AND NANPING XU

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi1545

▲ 择要：

以沸石以及金属无机骨架（MOF）为代表的纳米多孔晶体质料，天然包罗持续的孔隙体系，可使气体分散，但很难将它们加工成结实的年夜薄片。

研究者开发了一种固体溶剂技能，用在打造薄的、高负载的、完好陷的混淆基质膜。前体金属盐消融于聚合物中，然后转化为MOF质料。研究者证实了氢以及二氧化碳的分散，具备高渗入以及选择性。

▲ Abstract：

Nanoporous crystalline materials, represented by zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), naturally contain continuous pore systems that can enable the separation of gases, but it is difficult to process them into robust, large sheets. Chen et al. developed a solid-solvent technique for making thin, highly loaded, and defect-free mixed matrix membranes. Precursor metal salts are dissolved into a polymer and then converted into a MOF material. The authors demonstrate the separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, with high permeance and selectivity.

Disequilibrating azobenzenes by visible-light sensitization under confinement

约束下可见光敏化偶氮苯的掉均衡

▲ 作者：JULIUS GEMEN, JONATHAN R. CHURCH, TERO-PETRI RUOKO, NIKITA DURANDIN, MICHA? J. BIA?EK, MAREN WEISSENFEL, MORAN FELLER, MIRI KAZES, MAGDALENA ODAYBAT, AND RAFAL KLAJN

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh9059

▲ 择要：

化学家经常起劲将反映推向更高的能量较低的产品。此中面对的应战是怎样避免这些产物再次下滑。研究者陈诉了一种巧妙的计谋，将偶氮苯扭曲成其能量更高的Z构象。

详细来讲，他们将更不变的E异构体与光敏剂一路吸引到超份子宿主中。当可见光注入能量来引诱扭曲时，Z异构体再也不合适腔体，是以于更多的光将其旋转回来以前，它被推出腔体。

▲ Abstract：

Chemists often strive to push reactions metaphorically uphill toward less energetically favorable products. The challenge is to keep those products from rolling right back down. Gemen et al. report a clever tactic for twisting azobenzene into its higher-energy Z conformation. Specifically, they lured the more stable E isomer into a supramolecular host, along with a photosensitizer. When visible light injects energy to induce the twist, the Z isomer no longer fits in the cavity, so it gets pushed out before more light can twist it back.

生态学Ecology

Impacts of metal mining on river systems: a global assessment

金属采矿对于河道体系的影响：一项全世界评估

▲ 作者：M. G. MACKLIN, C. J. THOMAS, A. MUDBHATKAL, P. A. BREWER, K. A. HUDSON-EDWARDS, J. LEWIN, P. SCUSSOLINI, D. EILANDER, A. LECHNER , AND K. R. MANGALAA

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg6704

▲ 择要：

全世界预计有2300万人糊口于洪泛区，遭到已往以及此刻金属采矿勾当孕育发生的有毒废料的潜于伤害浓度的影响。

研究者阐发了这一风险的全世界规模，出格是铅、锌、铜以及砷，他们使用了一个地舆参考的全世界数据库，具体列出了所有已经知的金属采矿所在和完备以及掉效的尾矿贮存举措措施。然后，使用基在历程以及经验查验的模子，对于河道体系中的金属采矿污染和袒露的人口以及牲畜数目举行了全世界评估。

活着界规模内，金属矿山影响着47.92万千米的河流以及16.4万平方千米的洪泛平原。持久向河道排放采矿废料所形成污染的人数险些是间接受尾矿坝溃坝影响人数的50倍。

▲ Abstract：

An estimated 23 million people live on floodplains affected by potentially dangerous concentrations of toxic waste derived from past and present metal mining activity. We analyzed the global dimensions of this hazard, particularly in regard to lead, zinc, copper, and arsenic, using a georeferenced global database detailing all known metal mining sites and intact and failed tailings storage facilities. We then used process-based and empirically tested modeling to produce a global assessment of metal mining contamination in river systems and the numbers of human populations and livestock exposed. Worldwide, metal mines affect 479,200 kilometers of river channels and 164,000 square kilometers of floodplains. The number of people exposed to contamination sourced from long-term discharge of mining waste into rivers is almost 50 times greater than the number directly affected by tailings dam failures.

生物学Biology

Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense

哄骗AlphaMissense猜测卵白质组错义变异效应

▲ 作者：JUN CHENG, GUIDO NOVATI, JOSHUA PAN, CLARE BYCROFT, AKVIL? ?EMGULYT?, TAYLOR APPLEBAUM, ALEXANDER PRITZEL, LAI HONG WONG, MICHAL ZIELINSKI, AND ?IGA AVSEC

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh9059

▲ 择要：

于人类基因组中不雅察到的绝年夜大都错义变异具备未知的临床意思。研究者开发了AlphaMissense，这是一种基在卵白质布局猜测东西AlphaFold2的深度进修模子。

经由过程AlphaMissense对于人类以及灵长类植物变异种群频次数据库举行微调，以猜测错义变异的致病性。经由过程联合布局配景以及进化守恒，该模子于广泛的遗传以及试验基准中得到了开始进的成果，这些都没有于数据长进行明确的练习。

基因的平均致病性评分也能够猜测它们的主要性，可以或许辨认现有统计要领没法检测到的短须要基因。研究者提供了一个数据库，猜测所有可能的人类单氨基酸替代，并将89%的错义变异分类为多是良性的或者多是致病的。

▲ Abstract：

The vast majority of missense variants observed in the human genome are of unknown clinical significance. We present AlphaMissense, an adaptation of AlphaFold fine-tuned on human and primate variant population frequency databases to predict missense variant pathogenicity. By combining structural context and evolutionary conservation, our model achieves state-of-the-art results across a wide range of genetic and experimental benchmarks, all without explicitly training on such data. The average pathogenicity score of genes is also predictive for their cell essentiality, capable of identifying short essential genes that existing statistical approaches are underpowered to detect. As a resource to the co妹妹unity, we provide a database of predictions for all possible human single amino acid substitutions and classify 89% of missense variants as either likely benign or likely pathogenic.

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